ABSTRACT
Objective@#To evaluate the self awareness of professional competencies and its development of teachers for health in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for development of professional competencies and future specialized development.@*Methods@#A survey was conducted among 1 722 teachers for health in primary and secondary school by the professional competency questionnaire.@*Results@#Most of the teachers for health had bachelor s degrees (65.6%) and junior professional titles (43.4%), the full time teachers accounted for 66.5%, the percentage of teaching health education courses was 69.8 %, 7.7% took part in the formal class of schedule; the two top scorers were the dimension of "professional ethic as a teacher" and "school public health prevention and control" (4.68±0.43, 4.55±0.47); the two lowest scorers dimensions were related to school health education with increasing standard deviation (3.96±0.66, 3.91±0.65); the mean of self rated competency of the 6-14 years working experience group was slightly higher in all dimensions, that of 15 years or above group was lower than 6-14 years group in the total system and the dimensions of professional ethic as a teacher and emergency handling of accidents, and in responsing specific health problems dimension, the mean of 15 years or above group lower than that of 1-5 years group ( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The entry threshold of teachers for health in primary and secondary school is a critical consideration; Teachers competency preparations are satisfying in professional ethics and school public health prevention/control; meanwhile, the overall health education competencies were insufficient, and noticeable differences in the competency level among teachers are observed. It suggest drawing up entry qualifications and professional standards for health education teachers to guide the teacher s learning and improvement, calling for facilitating the professional promotion of teachers at the government s policy level.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate spectral CT metal artifacts reduction (MAR) technique in reducing metal artifacts of spinal implants in a phantom.Methods:Ovine spines were chosen as anthropomorphic phantom. The phantom including the pedicle screws, 3D-printed vertebral body (VB) and mesh cage were examined using spectral CT. Postoperative CT images were reconstructed at 70—140 keV with 10 keV interval of MAR and non-MAR. Artifact index (AI) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were evaluated by CT and SD values in ROIs around the implants. Visibility of bony structures, the artifacts of pedicle screw, 3D-printed VB and mesh cage were subjectively evaluated. Plotting curves of AI and SNR with the increasing keV were drawn. The AI and SNR were compared at lower (70 keV), medium (100 keV) and high (130 keV) level between MAR and non-MAR images using the paired t-test, and the subjective scores were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test. Results:The AI values around pedicle screws (anterior, posterior and lateral), 3D-printed VB and mesh cage decreased with the increase of keV, while SNR improved in MAR and non-MAR images. The AI values in the anterior, lateral and posterior pedicle screws and lateral titanium implants were significantly lower in MAR than those in non-MAR ( P<0.05). The AI value in posterior 3D-printed vertebral was lower in MAR than that of non-MAR only at 70 keV ( P<0.001). The SNR values in the anterior and posterior pedicle screws, 3D-printed VB increased with the increase of keV, but decreased in other ROIs. In the subjective evaluation, the image scores of MAR were higher than those of non-MAR ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Spectral CT using the MAR reconstruction can effectively reduce metal artifacts of spinal implants. The effect is better in pedicle screw and mesh cage than 3D-printed VB.